ABSTRACT
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização de plantas frescas e secas (comerciais) de alfavaca, orégano e tomilho, a obtenção dos óleos essenciais através do método de arraste a vapor e a quantificação dos compostos químicos por CG/EM. As plantas frescas e as secas comerciais foram submetidas às análises de umidade, extrato etéreo, proteína, fibra bruta, cinzas, extrato não nitrogenado, valor calórico, teor de óleo essencial e identificação dos compostos majoritários através da cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas. Dentre a caracterização obtida os resultados na base seca mostraram-se promissores, sendo o teor de proteína e de cinzas na alfavaca seca comercial com 17,34 g 100 g-1 e 8,12 g 100 g-1, respectivamente; a fibra bruta no orégano seco comercial com 15,65 g 100 g-1; o extrato etéreo, o extrato não nitrogenado e o valor calórico no tomilho seco comercial com 9,30 g 100 g-1, 52,72 g 100 g-1 e 356,74 Kcal 100 g-1, respectivamente. Obteve-se o maior rendimento de óleo essencial na alfavaca seca comercial com 1,02%, enquanto a alfavaca fresca apresentou o menor rendimento, com apenas 0,13%. Na alfavaca fresca encontrou-se 87,38% de eugenol e 6,27% de timol, enquanto na alfavaca seca comercial observou-se redução no eugenol (71,12%) e aumento do timol (13,28%). No orégano fresco foram quantificados quatro picos o γ-terpineno (33,45%), 4-terpineol (25,59%), timol (14,21%) e carvacrol (2,30%). Já no óleo essencial de orégano seco comercial houve redução no γ-terpineno (28,73%) e aumento no 4-terpineol (27,58%), timol (19,71%) e carvacrol (3,67%). No óleo essencial do tomilho fresco foram quantificados três picos o borneol (66,66%), timol (13,41%) e linalol (3,24%). Por outro lado, no óleo essencial do tomilho seco comercial houve redução no borneol (37,90%) e aumento no timol (20,61%) e linalol (10,34%). Pode-se concluir que as folhas secas comerciais analisadas de alfavaca, orégano, e tomilho apresentam potencial para o enriquecimento dos alimentos ou para a obtenção dos óleos essenciais.
This study aimed to characterize commercial fresh and dry medicinal plants (basil, oregano and thyme), to obtain essential oil by the steam distillation method and to quantify chemical compounds by means of GC/MS. The fresh and dry plants were subjected to the following analyses moisture, ether extract, protein, crude fiber, ash, non-nitrogenous extract, caloric value, essential oil content and identification of major compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Considering the obtained characterization, the following results on dry basis proved promising: protein and ash content in commercial dry basil with 17.34 g 100 g-1 and 8.12 g 100 g-1, respectively; crude fiber in commercial dry oregano with 15.65 g 100 g-1; ether extract, non-nitrogenous extract and caloric value in commercial dry thyme with 9.30 g 100 g-1, 52.72 g 100 g-1 and 356.74 Kcal 100 g-1, respectively. The highest essential oil yield was obtained for commercial dry basil with 1.02% and the lowest yield was obtained for fresh basil with only 0.13%. Chromatography indicated 87.38% eugenol and 6.27% thymol in fresh basil. For commercial dry basil, the chromatogram showed a reduction in eugenol (71.12%) and an increase in thymol (13.28%). Four peaks were quantified for fresh oregano the γ-terpinene (33.45%), 4-terpineol (25.59%), thymol (14.21%) and carvacrol (2.30%). For the essential oil of commercial dry oregano, there was a decrease in γ-terpinene (28.73%) and an increase in 4-terpineol (27.58%), thymol (19.71%) and carvacrol (3.67%). In the chromatogram of the essential oil of fresh thyme, three peaks were quantified: borneol (66.66%), thymol (13.41%) and linalool (3.24%). On the other hand, in the chromatogram of the essential oil of commercial dry thyme, there was a decrease in borneol (37.90%) and an increase in thymol (20.61%) and linalool (10.34%). It can be concluded that commercial dry leaves of basil, oregano and thyme are feasible to enrich foods or to obtain essential oils.
Subject(s)
Plants, Medicinal/genetics , Oils, Volatile , Thymus serpyllum/classification , Chemical Compounds , Ocimum/classification , Origanum/classification , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/methodsABSTRACT
The hematological values for the specie Bothrops leucurus, recently captured from nature, were determined from blood samples of 29 snakes (11 males and 18 females). The performed hematological tests were: total red blood cell count (TRBCC), total white blood cell count (TWBCC), total trombocyte blood cell count (TTBCC); packed cell volume (PCV); hemoglobin content; and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The mean values for TRBCC was 4.23cellsx10(5)/mm³, for TWRCC was 8.92cellsx10³/mm³ and for TTBCC was 8.60cellsx10³/mm³. The mean for packed cell volume was 22.3 percent. The intraerythrocytic hemoparasite Hepatozoon sp was found on 58.6 percent of the studied animals.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Female , Bothrops , Blood Cell Count/methods , Parasitic Diseases/diagnosis , Parasitic Diseases/epidemiology , Hematologic Tests/methods , Hematologic Tests/veterinaryABSTRACT
A utilização de plantas medicinais com indicação para processos infecciosos, respaldada por pesquisas etnofarmacobotânicas, impulsionam vários estudos farmacológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extato etanólico de Punica granatum (romã) e determinar sua concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) sobre amostras de Staphylococcus aureus de origem humana ambulatorial, avaliando-se o perfil de sensibilidade dessas cepas, frente aos antimicrobianos usados rotineiramente na clínica médica, como também, a detecção da produção de alguns fatores de virulência (coagulase, hemolisina e lípase). Determinou-se a CIM pelo método da diluição em placas e o antibiograma por disco-difusão, seguindo-se as recomendações do NCCLS (2002). Todas as cepas de S.aureus eram fermentadoras do manitol e hemolíticas, sendo que 10 (58,8%) apresentaram atividade lipolítica no Agar tween-cálcio. Todas as cepas mostraram-se sensíveis à vancomicina, tetraciclina e oxacilina. Enquanto que 11 (64,7%) apresentaram resistência à penicilina e à ampicilina. Observou-se também sensibilidade diminuída à clindamicina e à eritromicina em 10 (58,8%) das cepas. Concluiu-se que a CIM do extrato etanólico de P.granatum foi obtida na concentração de 10%, a qual, foi capaz de inibir 100% das cepas analisadas.
The use of medical plants with the indication to the infectious process, supported by etnopharmacobotanic researches, impel various pharmacological studies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial in vitro of the ethanol extract of Punica granatum (pomegranate) and to determine its minimum inhibit concentration (MIC) on strains of Staphylococcus aureus of human origin ambulatory evaluating also the sensibility profile of these strains, against the antimicrobial substance usually used in medicine after the verification of some virulence factor such as (coagulation, hemolysis e lipase). It was determined that a MIC by the method of dilution in plates and the antibiogram by disc diffusion, following the NCCLS (2002) recommendation. All the Staphylococcus aureus were mannitol and haemolytic producers, 10 (58,8%) presented lipolitic activity in the calcium Tween agar. All of the stains has shown to be sensitive to vancomicin, tetracycline and oxacillin. While 11 (64,7%) has presented resistance to penicillin and ampicillin . It has also been observed that diminished sensibility to clindamicin and to eritromicin in 10 (58,8%) of the samples. Concluding therefore, that a MIC of the ethanol extract of Punica granatum was taken in 10% concentration, which was able to inhibit in 100% of the strains analysed.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Pomegranate/therapeutic use , Plant Extracts , Plants, Medicinal , Staphylococcus aureusABSTRACT
New neurons are constantly added to the olfactory bulb of rodents from birth to adulthood. This accretion is not only dependent on sustained neurogenesis, but also on the migration of neuroblasts and immature neurons from the cortical and striatal subventricular zone (SVZ) to the olfactory bulb. Migration along this long tangential pathway, known as the rostral migratory stream (RMS), is in many ways opposite to the classical radial migration of immature neurons: it is faster, spans a longer distance, does not require radial glial guidance, and is not limited to postmitotic neurons. In recent years many molecules have been found to be expressed specifically in this pathway and to directly affect this migration. Soluble factors with inhibitory, attractive and inductive roles in migration have been described, as well as molecules mediating cell-to-cell and cell-substrate interactions. However, it is still unclear how the various molecules and cells interact to account for the special migratory behavior in the RMS. Here we will propose some candidate mechanisms for roles in initiating and stopping SVZ/RMS migration